高中英语上外版Unit 3 Charity 单元测试
一、用单词的适当形式完成短文
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Worst man extinctions may have been caused by rising mountains
The birth of a mountain range in (1)________ is now South Africa may have helped to drive one of the most severe mass extinctions in Earth’s history.
The Permian extinction (2)____________(strike) about 252 million years ago. It is traditionally thought (3)__________(wipe) out at least 80 percent of species in the sea and on land.
But we have discovered that another mass extinction happened not long before, with most of the land extinctions happening during the (4)__________(early) period, roughly 260 million years ago at the end of the Capitanian Age by leaving ecosystems depleted of species, (5)__________(make) them vulnerable to disruptions from the volcanic eruptions.
The extinction on land was huge, says Spencer Lucas at the New Mexico museum of Natural History. The team he led studied the fossilized teeth of DiictodonFelikeys, (6)__________ plant-eating, mammal-like reptile that was common at that time. But there was no sign (7)__________ temperatures rose during that period. The team was puzzled (8)________ they realized the fossils (9)__________(date) back to that period belonged to South Africa’s Cape Fold mountains, which may once have been as the Himalayas are today.
The mountains could have stopped moisture (10)__________ the sea reaching Pangaea’s interior, thus leading to drying and ultimately die-offs --- without a corresponding increase in temperature.
二、选用适当的单词或短语补全短文
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there’s one word more than you need.
A. delivered
B. management
C. overlooked
D. products
E. rural
F. shifted
G. strategies
H. sufficient
I. tremendous
J. urbanization
K. worst
National governments neglecting development needs of cities
National governments around the world are neglecting the needs of their major cities with non-existent or inadequate development policies, a new report has found.
National governments are key to making cities more sustainable, because cities are limited distinctly in the policy measures they can take for themselves, the report points out. However, only a quarter of the world’s governments have urban development policies at all, and most of those that do exist are far from (11)________ to make cities sustainable.
The report looks at the key measures of energy production, transport, waste (12)________ and infrastructure(基础设施). For instance, putting in adequate public transport can transform the lives of citizens and the carbon footprint of the cities they live in. Encouraging the use of electric vehicles above petrol-driven cars can also have a(n) (13)________ effect, not just on greenhouse gas emissions but also on removing some of the key causes of air pollution.
The report, from the Stockholm Environment Institute and the Coalition for Urban Transitions and funded by Bloomberg Philanthropies, suggests national governments have (14)________ the needs of their major cities even when they have in place national policies on issues such as climate change and greenhouse gas emissions. Derik Broekhoff of the Stockholm Environment Institute, the lead author of the study, said, “Now is the time for national governments to put cities at the heart of their national development (15)________. Countries must consider what policies need to be (16)________ in order to ensure their countries and cities are prepared for the unprecedented (17)________ and climate challenges the world is facing.”
Cities around the world are facing rapid population growth, and are likely to be among the areas (18)________ by dramatic climate change, in part because many are at risk of rising sea levels, floods and droughts. For most of human history, the (19)________ population was greater than those of cities, and it is only in just over the last decade that this balance has (20)________, with most of the world’s populations now living in urban centres, a trend that is expected to speed up even further.
三、完形填空
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Everyone knows that taxation is necessary in a modem state: without it, it would not be possible to pay the soldiers and policemen who protect us; (21)_______the workers in government offices who (22) ________ our health, our food, our water, and all the other things that we cannot do for ourselves. (23)________taxation, we pay for things that we need just as much as we need somewhere to live and something to eat.
(24)________everyone knows that taxation is necessary, different people have different ideas about (25)________taxation should be arranged.
In most countries, a direct tax on (26)_______, which is called income tax, exists. It is arranged in such a (27)________that the poorest people pay nothing, and the percentage of tax grows (28)________as the taxpayer's income grows. In some countries, for example, the tax on the richest people goes up as high as ninety-five per cent!
And countries with taxation nearly (29)_______ have indirect taxation, too. Many things imported into the country have to pay taxes or “duties”. Of course, it is the men and women who buy these imported things in the shops (30)________really have to pay the duties, in the (31)_______of higher prices. In some countries, (32)______, there is a tax on things sold in the shops. If the most necessary things are taxed, a lot of money is (33)_________but the poor people suffer most. If unnecessary things (34)________jewels and fur coats are taxed, less money is obtained but the tax is (35)________as the rich pay it.
Probably this last kind of indirect tax, together with a direct tax on incomes which is low for
the poor and high for the rich, is the best arrangement.
( ) 21. A. nor B. neither C．never D. not
( ) 22. A．look into B．look over C．look after D．look through
( ) 23. A．In accordance with B. By means of C. With reference to D．On account of
( ) 24. A．If B．When C．Though D．As
( ) 25. A．when B．how C．why D．which
( ) 26. A．persons B．sectors C．communities D．classes
( ) 27. A．form B．way C．measure D．method
( ) 28. A．quicker B．speedier C．more D．larger
( ) 29. A．periodically B．almost C．often D．always
( ) 30. A．which B．who C．what D．whom
( ) 31. A．manner B．form C．means D．way
( ) 32. A．either B．also C．too D．often
( ) 33. A．lent B．saved C．borrowed D．collected
( ) 34. A．alike B．like C．as D．for
( ) 35. A．heavier B．fairer C．finer D．Better
四、阅读理解
(A)
Société Cartier designs, manufactures, distributes and sells jewellery and watches. Founded in Paris, France in 1847 by Louis-Fran ois Cartier, the company remained under family control until 1964. The company maintains its headquarters in Paris and is now a wholly owned subsidiary of the Compagnie Financière Richemont SA.
Cartier is well known for its jewellery and wrist watches, including the “Bestiary” (best illustrated by the Panthère brooch of the 1940s created for Wallis Simpson), the diamond necklace created for Bhupinder Singh the Maharaja of Patiala and the first practical wristwatch, the “Santos,” of 1904.
Cartier has a long history of sales to royalty and celebrities. King Edward VII of England referred to Cartier as "the jeweler of kings and the king of jewelers." For his coronation in 1902, Edward VII ordered 27 tiaras and issued a royal warrant to Cartier in 1904. Similar warrants soon followed from the courts of Spain, Portugal, Russia, Siam, Greece, Serbia, Belgium, Romania, Egypt, Albania, Monaco, and the House of Orleans.
In 1986, the French Ministry for Culture appointed Perrin head of the “Mission sur le mecenatd’entreprise” (a commission to study business patronage of the arts). Two years later, Cartier acquired a majority holding in Piaget and Baume & Mercier. In 1990 the Musee du Petit Palais staged the first major exhibition of the Cartier collection, “l’Art de Cartier”.
Perrin founded an international committee in 1991, Comite International de la Haute Horlogerie, to organise its first salon, held on 15 April 1991. This has become an annual meeting place in Geneva for professionals. The next year, the second great exhibition of “l’Art de Cartier” was held at the Hermitage Museum in St Petersburg. In 1993, the “Vendome Luxury Group” was formed as an umbrella company to combine Cartier, Alfred Dunhill, Montblanc, Piaget, Baume & Mercier, Karl Lagerfeld, Chloé, Sulka, Hackett, Seeger.
In 1995, a major exhibition of the Cartier Antique Collection was held in Asia. The next year, the Lausanne Hermitage Foundation in Switzerland hosted the exhibition "Splendours of the Jewellery", presenting a hundred and fifty years of products by Cartier. As of 2012, Cartier is owned, through Richemont, by the South African Rupert family and 24-year-old who is the granddaughter of Pierre Cartier, Elle Pagels.
( ) 36. Which one of the following features distinguishes Cartier from other ordinary brands
A. It is well known for its jewelry, wrist watches and wearable products.
B. It began to sell products to royalty and celebrities years ago.
C. Cartier became a member of the “Vendome Luxury Group” in 1991.
D. Cartier received warrant mainly from Asian countries.
( ) 37. Which of the following is true according to the passage
A. Cartier has a history of more than 400 years.
B. Cartier has always been under family control and it designs, manufactures, distributes
and sells jewellery and watches.
C. The Musee du Petit Palais staged the first major exhibition of the Cartier collection four
years after Perrin was appointed head of the "Mission sur le mecenatd'entreprise".
D. The exhibition "Splendours of the Jewellery" presented products from Chloé, Sulka and
Hackett.
( ) 38. Which of the following might be the best title for the passage
A. Cartier, a local Paris brand.
B. Cartier, a brand standing the test of time.
C. Cartier, a brand with modern technology.
D. Cartier, a shining star in exhibitions.
(B)
I went climbing with a millennial(千禧一代). She is younger, fitter, braver and more energetic. I am good at getting discouraged, having a rest and giving advice from the sidelines. She will cling(附着于) on to a wall like a small monkey trying to escape certain death, while I will get near the top, realize how high that is and lose my nerve. Together we could make an impressive team, me at the bottom of the wall, going, “That’s great, try using your feet one by one. Oh... What did you do that for ” And her going, “Shall we try that again so we’ve actually done it Do you think we should have warmed up first ”
Climbing muscles, being the same as regular muscles, are use-it-or-lose-it. I climbed more often before I did the crazy running activity and used to think of the green runs at my local centre as being for children, or for a warm-up. Now I find them extremely hard, and the purple is my top-of-the-tree, when in fact they are both for beginners, really. I suspect the millennial of avoiding the blue-with-red-spots just so as to not show me up.
It wasn't her first time climbing, but she wasn't registered at the centre, so she had to go through a process that sounds threatening: watching a video and answering questions on it (the answers are always "I am responsible for my own safety in the centre" and "Holds may spin"). In an older person --- me, for instance --- any activity that starts with a reflection on your own death is a little low-energy, whereas she seemed quite excited by it.
We both laughed at each other's clothing: she accused me of having a pink T-shirt which seemed too lovely for me, while she was dressed to be a labourer. The moral is that you can basically wear anything while you climb. It's not like running, where the ill-dressed are chased from the area by a thousand eyes.
( ) 39. We learn from Paragraph 1 that the author and the millennial ________.
A. know each other very well
B. try to learn how to escape death
C. form a sharp contrast
D. make a team that beats others
( ) 40. By "climbing muscles, being the same as other muscles, are use-it-or-lose-it" the author means ________.
A. climbing does good to muscles
B. climbing needs practising regularly
C. climbing muscles are as useful as other muscles
D. climbing muscles won't be lost even if not used
( ) 41. The questions the millennial was required to answer were aimed to ________.
A. let the climbers realize the climbing might be dangerous
B. give the climbers another approach to thinking of death
C. warn the climbers against loss of energy in the process
D. remind the climbers of the importance of registration
( ) 42. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true
A. Climbers need to wear special clothes.
B. Ill-dressed runners stand out improperly.
C. Climbers need to get a certificate before climbing.
D. The author and the millennial like making fun of others.
(C)
Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years ago, you cannot help being struck by the appearance of the women taking part. Their hair-styles and make-up look dated; their skirts look either too long or too short; their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous and seems to suggest that they belong to an entirely different age.
　　This illusion is created by changing fashions. Over the year, the great majority of men have successfully resisted all attempts to make them change their style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year a few so-called top designers in Paris or London lay down the law and women all over the world rush to obey. The decrees of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial. This year, they decide in their arbitrary fashion, skirts will be short and waists will be high; zips are in and buttons are out. Next year the law is reversed and far from taking exception, no one is even mildly surprised.
　　If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they shudder at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are annually black-mailed by the designers and the big stores. Clothes, which have been worn only a few times, have to be discarded because of the dictates of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a women is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.
　　Changing fashions are nothing more than the deliberate creation of waste. Many women squander vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women, who cannot afford to discard clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Hem-limes are taken up or let down; waist-lines are taken in or let out; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.
　　No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability. They take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, providing they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn’t at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shivering in a flimsy dress on a wintry day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in dainty shoes.
The fashion frenzy of women is so obvious that one may even wonder—do constantly changing fashions of women’s clothes, to some extent, reflect basic qualities of fickleness and instability That is for you to decide.
( ) 43. What does “ludicrous” mean in Paragraph One
A. fashionable B. glamorous C. absurd D. charming
( ) 44. Why are women mercilessly exploited by the fashion designers
A. They love new fashion. B. They love new clothes.
C. They want to look beautiful. D. They are too vain.
( ) 45. What are fashion designers interested in
A. Outward appearance. B. Comfort. C. Individuality. D. Durability.
( ) 46. The main idea of this passage is ___________.
A. The constant changes in fashion reflect the qualities of women.
B. New fashions in clothing are created solely for commercial exploitation of women.
C. The top designers seem to have the right to dictate the latest trend in fashion.
D. Compared with women, men have the basic quality of reliability.
五、六选四
Directions: Read the following passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
The first burger it made, in 2013, cost around $300,000.
B. It launched its plant-based burger in a number of restaurants in America last year.
C. Per edible gram, insects need only a twelfth of the food that cattle require.
D. The problem is marketing.
E. Plant-based "meat" products have made it onto menus and supermarket shelves.
F. Some consumers, particularly in the rich West, get this.
Where is the Beef
Most people like to eat meat. As they grow richer they eat more of it. For individuals, that is
good. Meat is nutritious. In particular, it packs much more protein per kilogram than plants do. However, animals have to eat plants to put on weight-so much so that feeding them accounts for about a third of harvested grain. Farm animals consume 8 per cent of the world’s water supply, and they produce around 15 per cent of unnatural greenhouse-gas emissions. More farm animals then, could mean more environmental trouble.
____47___ That as created a business opportunity. Though unwilling to adopt a vegetarian approach to diet, these people are keen on food that looks and tastes as if it came from farm animals,but didn’t.
The simplest way to satisfy this demand is to concentrate on substitutes for familiar products.
"Meat" made directly from plants, rather than indirectly, via an animal’s metabolism, is already on
sale for the table and barbecue. Impossible Foods, a Californian firm, has deconstructed hamburgers, to work out what gives them their texture (质感) and flavour, and then either found or grown botanical equivalents to these. ____48____
For those who really want to eat steak while saving the planet, a second approach maybe more
promising. That is "clean" meat made by taking animal cells and growing them in a factory to form strips of muscle. Steak is not yet on the menu, but burgers and meatballs may soon be. The field leader is Mosa Meat, a Dutch firm staffed by scientists. ____49____By 2020, it hopes, the price of making them will have come down to about $US 11 each.
There is one more novel source of meaty protein that does not involve farm animals -at least,
farm animals of the conventional sort. This is insects. Locusts (蝗虫) , for example, are about 70
per cent protein. Insects do have to be fed, but being cold-blooded, they convert more food into body mass than warm-blooded mammals do and, being boneless, more of that body-mass is edible.
__50___ About 2 billion people eat insects already, but it seems few of us are willing to try.
Changing that could be a hard sell. Grind (碾碎) the bugs up and use them as ingredients, though, and your customers might find them more acceptable. Hargol FoodTech, an Israeli startup, plans to do just that. Locustburgers, anybody
六、概要写作
Directions：Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point（s）of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
In the United States alone, over 100 million cell-phones are thrown away each year. Cell-phones are part of a growing mountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital assistants. The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole.
Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver. A Swiss study reported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison to total waste, the concentration(含量) of gold and other precious metals was higher in so-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals.
Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals. Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed, the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries, in practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poisonous substances to escape into the environment.
Creating products out of raw materials creates much more waste material, up to 100 times more, than the material contained in the finished products. Consider again the cell-phone, and imagine the mines that produced those metals, the factories needed to make the box and packaging it came in. Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that “the production, distribution, and use of products — as well as management of the resulting waste --- all result in greenhouse gas release.” Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating less waste at the start --- for instance, buying reusable products and recycling.
In many countries the concept of extended producer responsibility is being considered or has been put in place as an incentive for reducing waste. If producers are required to take back packaging they use to sell their products, would they reduce the packaging in the first place
Governments’ incentive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging they produce is usually based on money. Why, they ask, should cities or towns be responsible for paying to deal with the bubble wrap (气泡垫) that encased your television
From the governments’ point of view, a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and tax-payers back to the producers.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
七、汉译英（整句）
52. 如今在飞机上人们也可以很容易地上网。(access)
_________________________________________________________________________
53. 穿校服是否真正有助于减少同伴间压力及提高学生的学业水平拭目以待。（remain）
_________________________________________________________________________
54. 据我所知，面对许多观众演讲时，你越紧张，对自己就越没信心。（the more…the more）
_________________________________________________________________________
八、写作
Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
现在的年轻人热衷于过诸如“愚人节”和“圣诞节”之类的西方节日，由此引发了人们的热议和思考。请根据以上信息写一篇短文。短文必须包括以下内容:
1．简述青年热衷于过西方节日的现象；
2．分析其影响并谈谈你的看法。
55. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
参考答案
【导语】
这篇文章的内容和高中生活比较遥远，事一篇关于考古的科普性文章。讲述了对于几百万年前，对于一些早已灭绝的动物，地壳板块运动等情况的科学性推测与探讨。
【答案】 1.what 2.struck 3.to have wiped 4.earlier 5.making
6.a 7.that 8.until 9.dating 10.from
【分析】
考连词。首先判断该句是宾语从句，因为从句缺主语，所以填what。
考动词。首先判断该空填谓语动词，因为后面有时间标志ago，所以填struck。
考动词。首先固定搭配be thought to do（被认为做......），又动作已经发生，所以填to have wiped。
考形容词。根据句义：大多数陆地上的灭绝活动发生在早期，所以填earlier。
考动词。介词by引导的并列动词，所以填making。
考冠词。该句是DiictodonFelikeys的同位语，一种食草的哺乳类爬行动物，所以填a。
考连词。首先判断该句是同位语从句，从句不缺主要成分，所以填that。
考连词。根据句义：这个团队感到很困惑，直到他们意识到这些化石来自南非的折角山，这里可能曾经是喜马拉雅山脉。所以填until。
考动词。该空是非谓语，跟逻辑主语fossils是主动关系，所以填dating。date back to：追溯到......
考介词。根据句义：山脉可能阻止了来自海洋的水气到达Pangaea内部，所以填from。
【导语】
各个国家对于自己的城市建设各有不同，据报道和研究，绝大多数的国家居然在城市可持续建设方面没有任何的计划与法案。那么长此以往，它们的城市在基础建设，极端环境应对，人口急速增长等方面的处理能力将出现问题。
【答案】H B I C G A J K E F
【分析】
根据词组far from + adj (远远不……的)可知，这里需要一个形容词，根据句意是“这些政策是远远不充分的”，所以填H，sufficient意思是充分的，充足的。
根据句意是关于能源生产，交通和废物……的一些措施，所以应该填名词B, 意思是废物管理。
根据词性搭配，可知需要一个形容词，表示有一个……的影响，再根据句意，可知是产生巨大的影响，选I。
根据词性搭配，可知这里是have done的形式，这句话的意思是“政府……了大城市的需求”，再联系文章标题，可知是忽视了他们的需求，所以填C，overlook忽视。
根据句意是“政府应该把城市放在他们国家发展……的核心”，所以这里需要一个名词和发展搭配，即strategies,翻译为 “策略”。
根据need to be,可知此处填done的形式，句意是“国家应考虑什么样的政策应该被……” 所以这里填delivered本意是“传达”。
根据句意是“为空前的……做好准备”，可知需要一个名词，填urbanization，城市化。
根据句意是 “城市是最糟糕的地方之一”，所以填worst。
根据句意“在人类历史上，……的人口比城市人口多”，可知应该填E，乡村的。
根据词性搭配have done可知这里v-ed 形式，据句意可知是“这个平衡转变了”。
【导语】
每个国家的税收都来自于方方面面。有工资所得税，贩卖销售等的营业税，旅游时游客的消费税等等。如果没有税收或者各个渠道的收税，那么国家机器将无法正常运行，比如公职人员，警察局等机构将无法开展工作，因此税收，特别是合理的收税方式以及比例对于国家的未来和发展非常重要。
【答案】Keys: 21-25：ACBCB 26-30：ABDDB 31-35：BBDBA
【分析】
21.考查否定词。 政府工作人员也不能照顾我们的健康……
22.考查动词短语。 look into 调查研究 look over 复习 look after 照顾照料 look through 仔细检查
23.考查介词短语。 in accordance with 与…一致 by means of 通过…方式 with reference to 关于 on account of 由于，因为
24.考查连词。 if 如果 when 当…时候 though 尽管 as 当；因为 尽管每个人都知道税的必要性
25.考查连词。 不同的人对于税如何管理有不同的想法
26.考查名词。 person 个人 sector 部门 community 社区 class 等级 个人所得税
27.考查名词。 form 方式 way 方法 measure 措施 method 方法 in a way 固定搭配
28.考查副词。 quick 快 speedy 速度 more 更多 large 更大 比例更大
29.考查副词。 periodically 周期性地 almost 几乎 often 经常 always 总是 有税收的国家几乎总是有间接课税
30.考查代词。 who 指代 men and women
31.考查名词。 manner 方式方法 form 形式 means 方式 way 方法 in the form of 用…的形式
32.考查副词。 either 否定的也 also 肯定的也放在句中 too 肯定的也放在句尾 often 经常
33.考查动词。 lent 借给 save 节省；解救 borrow 从…借 collect 收集
34.考查介词。 like 比如后面接名词 alike 是形容词和副词 as 后面接句子
35.考查形容词。 heavier 更严重 fairer 更公平 finer 更好 better 更好 税更严重
【导语】
卡地亚作为一个经典的奢侈品品牌，具有自己的文化，历史和传承。本文与高中生的生活略有距离，是让他们对这一品牌有所了解的说明性文章。
【答案】66. B 67. C 68.B
【分析】
36 . 细节理解题。从第三段第一句我们可以看出区别特征，故选B。
37 . 细节理解题。从第四段第一句和最后一句综合起来看可推出，故选C。
38 . 综合概述题。我们从文章中可以知道整篇文章主要讲的Cartier这个品牌的历史，是经得住时间的检验的，故选B。
【导语】
作为一名登山爱好者，作者和千禧的一代，即2000年或之后出生的年轻人一起登山攀岩。因为出生时代，环境和教育等方方面面的天差地别，这位年轻人和作者之间是截然不同的，形成了显而易见的反差。随后，作者在文章中表述了若干登山过程中的事件经过以及知识经验。
【答案】CBAB
【分析】
根据第一段内容She is younger, fitter, braver and more energetic. I am good at getting discouraged, having a rest and giving advice from the sidelines. She will cling(附着于) on to a wall like a small monkey trying to escape certain death, while I will get near the top, realize how high that is and lose my nerve.，可知作者在和千禧年一代人形成了强烈的对比。故选C。
根据第二段内容I climbed more often before I did the crazy running activity and used to think of the green runs at my local centre as being for children, or for a warm-up. Now I find them extremely hard, and the purple is my top-of-the-tree, when in fact they are both for beginners, really.可知锻炼需要长期进行，不用则废。故选B。
根据第三段内容so she had to go through a process that sounds threatening: watching a video and answering questions on it (the answers are always "I am responsible for my own safety in the centre" and "Holds may spin"). In an older person --- me, for instance --- any activity that starts with a reflection on your own death is a little low-energy可知询问问题是为了令登山者意识到登山的危险性。
根据最后一段内容 It's not like running, where the ill-dressed are chased from the area by a thousand eyes.可知穿着不好的运动员会引起不恰当的注意。故选B。
【导语】
时尚对于女性来说是一个动词，她们往往都会面对着满柜的衣服在抱怨自己没有合适的衣服穿。而对于男性来说，时尚的要求则没有那么明显。从电影和身边的事物和人我们都可以有所感知到时尚的变化，或者这是人类内心躁动和不稳定的一种体现。
【答案】43. C 44. D 45.A 46.B
【分析】
43. 细节理解题。根据句意理解，把选项带进去看只有C合理，故选C。
44. 细节理解题。他们太好虚荣。这在文章的好几段内都提到。如第二段，三段，四段。如第三段后半部分“只穿了几次的衣服就因为时尚的命令而弃之一边。当你想到只有妇女能站在堆满衣服的衣柜前，悲哀地诉说她没有衣服穿。”第四段的后半段“花不起大笔钱财买衣服的妇女会花上好几个小时把他们已有的衣服换来换去”。第五段后半部分“男人一生中经常可以看到大冬天妇女颤抖在薄薄的衣衫中，或者穿着精致的鞋在雪地上选路走，这都令他们发笑”。最后一段结论，画龙点睛地以问点明“经常不断地换时装。人们不禁要问，这是不是反映了妇女轻浮和易变的基本素质 ”，故选D。
45. 细节理解题。从第五段第2-3句可看出时尚设计师的关注点只是外在，故选A。
46. 细节理解题。整篇文章主要在讲女人追求服装的时尚，也可用选项倒推法排出，故选B。
【导语】
很多人都食无肉不欢的，但是畜牧业所养殖的牛群羊群等动物所产生的环境危害与污染巨大。于是，研究所和食品生产商开始尝试各种的奇思妙想，利用各种不同的方式来产出替代的肉类产品，如果未来的某一天，你发现自己正在吃的牛排是用昆虫提炼做成的，还会觉得一样美味吗？
【答案】 FBAC
47. F 从后文中可知unwilling to 的主语和后面的these people 指代选项F中的some consumers, 所以答案选F。
48. B 前文 “The simplest way to satisfy this demand is to concentrate on substitutes for familiar products.” 与选项中pant-based burger相照应， 且前文中 “ ...and then either found or grown botanical equivalents to these.”这里的these指hamburger, 所以equivalents 指代选项中的pant-based burger。故选B.
49. 从后文 “By 2020, it hopes, the price of making them will have come down to about $US 11
each”可知本段在说汉堡的价钱， 与选项A “The first burger it made, in 2013, cost around
$300,000.” 对应。故选A。
50. D从后文 “... but it seems few of us are willing to try. Changing that could be a hard sell. ” 可知选D.
【导语】
如今手机成为了日常必备的工具之一。不仅如此，很多年轻人换手机的频率也是比较高的，于是，手机回收或者丢弃后的降解等问题随之而来。我们需要思考并采取各种各样的方式来解决手机，电视机等电子设备的废物利用和回收，处理等问题。
51.
Electronic wastes, from abandoned electronic devices, contain precious metals called e-waste. Meanwhile, harmful metals in the wastes will cause environmental pollution in the recycling process. To prevent from greenhouse gas release, less waste should be made and more producer obligation should be taken. The government hopes to transfer the expenses and actual duty to the producers based on money.
【分析】
summary要做到读写结合（writing based on reading）, 读是第一步：要注意文体、写作目的及要点，写要注意涵盖主要信息（不填不漏），尽量用自己的语言。
【解析】
52. Nowadays people (can) also have easy access to the Internet on a/the plane.
【分析】 考查access后接to的用法。
53. Whether wearing school uniforms really helps to reduce peer pressure and raise the academic level of the students remains to be seen.
【分析】 考查whether引导的主语从句以及动词remain的用法，成语拭目以待的翻译用作被动。
As far as I know, when making a speech in the presence of /in front of a large audience, the more nervous you are/feel, the less confident you will be.
【分析】 考查比较级句型的用法，前半句一般现在时，后半句将来时。
55. 参考范文
Many young people in China today prefer Western holidays to traditional Chinese festivals. Christmas is now celebrated by the younger generation all over China,and it has become especially popular as a romantic holiday for boyfriends and girlfriends or young married couples. Valentine’s Day is also extremely popular, and even Halloween is being celebrated now.　　
This phenomenon has actually developed quite naturally in recent decades due to our educational system’s focus on English study and therefore on English-speaking cultures. To many students, Western culture has become a symbol of self-expression and freedom from restraint. Celebrating Western holidays has become a way for students to express their love of something different from traditional Chinese culture, and to have fun together with their own generation.　　
In my opinion, it’s fine for students learning English and studying English-speaking cultures to celebrate Western holidays with their teachers and classmates. However, the way I see it, unless the young people later go abroad to live in those cultures, there is no reason for them to continue to celebrate them. We Chinese should hold on to our traditional festivals, the festivals which we have celebrated for centuries.